Shielding the Sun from Beta-Carotene Exposure
Beta-carotene, a plant pigment found in carrots, spinach, and apricots, has been marketed as a natural sun protection solution and gentle tanner. However, a recent evaluation by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has found that the effect of betacarotene capsules for sun protection is "at most minor."
Small studies have shown a positive effect of betacarotene on sun protection, but these results are not typical of the doses found in dietary supplements. In fact, only 3 of the 23 products comply with the BfR's recommended maximum daily dose of 3.5 milligrams.
Beta-carotene acts as an antioxidant and helps stimulate melanin production, which contributes to a longer-lasting tan and some protection against UV exposure. Supplementation with beta-carotene has been shown to reduce sunburn and improve skin resistance to UV light after consistent use over weeks. However, it's crucial to note that oral beta-carotene may only reduce UV-induced redness and inflammation to a modest extent and should be considered a complementary approach rather than a replacement for topical protection.
Sunscreens block UV radiation directly, preventing DNA damage, skin cancer, and photoaging. Therefore, they remain essential. Combining topical broad-spectrum sunscreens with a balanced diet rich in natural carotenoids (like from carrots and leafy greens) is advisable, rather than relying on high-dose beta-carotene supplements.
Regarding risks, especially for smokers, high doses of beta-carotene supplements have been linked to increased risk of lung cancer and overall mortality in smokers. This adverse effect is believed to be due to pro-oxidant effects of beta-carotene in the lungs under oxidative stress from smoking. Therefore, smokers or former smokers should avoid high-dose beta-carotene supplements for sun protection.
Inconsistencies in compliance with the BfR's recommended daily dose and warnings about insufficient sun protection have been found in many sun capsules available on the market. Moreover, many manufacturers fail to mention that protection provided by betacarotene capsules is not sufficient for sunburn and skin cancer prevention.
Angela Clausen from the North Rhine-Westphalia Consumer Center emphasises the importance of understanding the limitations of betacarotene capsules, stating that they should not be relied upon exclusively for sun protection. It's always best to apply sunscreen with an SPF to exposed skin for effective sun protection.
In summary, while beta-carotene capsules may offer some natural sun protection, they are not a substitute for standard sun protection methods such as broad-spectrum sunscreen. For effective and safe sun protection, combining topical broad-spectrum sunscreens with a balanced diet rich in natural carotenoids is advisable, particularly in smokers.
Science suggests that while beta-carotene supplements may slightly enhance sun protection and promote healthier skin through antioxidant activity and melanin production, their effectiveness is generally limited compared to dietary sources. In the realm of health-and-wellness and nutrition, it's crucial to prioritize sunscreens for direct UV radiation blockage and consider beta-carotene as a complementary measure.
